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Science & Literacy
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Rationale for Implementation of Literacy Strategies in Science Teaching and Learning
As science teachers, we understand that learning how to read and write in science is an important part of scientific literacy, and can help students understand and retain key science content (NSTA, 2008; NRC 1996; Saul 2004; Shanahan 2004). For students to come to understand science, they must be able to explain their thinking and develop arguments for their findings. In order to become lifelong learners who are capable of reading and writing about scientific issues, making educated decisions and participating in a democratic society, students must be able to read and understand the writing of others, evaluate its worth, and share the results of their own research and experience through writing (NSTA, 2008).
The literacy work in science is based on the MA DESE ELA Framework which incorporates the Common Core for ELA. The emphasis for middle and high school content area literacy has specific targets for science and technical subjects. Our students need to be prepared to read and understand informational text. Argumentation and Explanation are at the core of science; they are two important areas of the literacy writing standards, as well as two Science and Engineering Practices.
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Close Reading in Science: Literacy Resources, Readings, Text-Dependent Questions, and How-to Guides
The following Close Reading/Text Dependent Questions sets were developed by a team of K-12 science teachers and the Science Department staff with guidance and support from David Pook, one of the collaborators of the CCSS. This team identified complex non-fiction text passages and developed text-dependent questions to support close reading assignments for each grade level.
Many thanks to the teachers who worked with us to create these assignments; we never could have done it without you!
David Pook and members of the BPS Science Department Team -- Dean Martin, Erin Hashimoto-Martell, Bev Nadeau, Suzanne Gill, Jonathan McLaughlin, and Pam Pelletier -- worked with these teachers to develop Close Reading materials for classroom use.
Teachers who curated and helped to develop the Close Reading materials: Luis Arroyo, Hale Elementary; Rob Cho, Timilty Middle; Erin French-MacGilvray, PJ Kennedy Elementary; Scott Hubeny, East Boston High; Vikki Irvin-Kent, Hennigan Elementary; Nick Kapura, Winship Elementary; Jennifer Lambertz, Lyon K-8; Theresa Lee, Sumner Elementary; Mary Fran McAuliffe, Jackson/Mann K-8; Ashley McKenzie, Adams Elementary; Eric Meuse, Gardner Pilot Academy; Christine Morales, Tobin K-8; Jessica Neville, Charlestown High; Angela Palo, Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing; Juanita Shaffer, Madison Park Technical Vocational School; Josephine Tavares, Eliot K-8; Johanna Waldman, Another Course to College; Debra Watson, Mildred Ave K-8
Resources, Readings, Text-Dependent Questions, and How-to Guides
We would like to thank our curriculum partners -- FOSS at the Lawrence Hall of Science at UC-Berkeley and their partner, Delta Education and STC from Smithsonian Science Education and their partner, Carolina Biological --who generously given us permission to include the text selection with the TDQs that we developed. We thank them both! For any other text selections, we included either page references or web links.
Have you developed a science close Reading/TDQ assignment? Share them. We will review and potentially post for all to benefit from.
Click on the links below to access Literacy Resources (how-to guides for complex text, close reading, and creating TDQs) and the science department selection of complex text (or citations for the text) with the BPS developed text-dependent questions.
Literacy Resources from David Pook and from Achieve the Core
Text Complexity, Text Complexity Qualitative Measures Rubric
Close Reading defined
Text-Dependent Questions defined
A Close Reading Exemplar: Feynman - The Making of a Scientist
Close Reading Exemplar Checklist
Long Guide for Creating Questions for Close Analytic Reading
Brief Guide to Creating Text-Dependent Questions
Text-Dependent Question Types -- Science
Text-Dependent Question Types -- BlankComplex Text Selections and BPS-Developed Text-Dependent Questions for Close Reading
Kindergarten
FOSS K Animals Two by Two Isopods
FOSS K Wood and Paper The Story of a ChairGrade 1
SIRS Article 1 Solids and Liquids Changing Solids pp. 16-21 and TDQs
STC 1 Organisms Four Amazing Plants
FOSS 1 Air and Weather Understanding the WeatherGrade 2
FOSS 2 New Plants Animal Teeth
FOSS 2 Insects Environment
FOSS 2 Pebbles, Sand, and Silt What Is in Soil?Grade 3
FOSS 3 Physics of Sound Highs and Lows
FOSS 3 Structures of Life Traveling Seeds
FOSS 3 Water Why Pipes BurstGrade 5
STC 5 Ecosystems Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring: A Quiet Book Makes NoiseGrade 6
FOSS 6 Weather and Water Heating the Atmosphere
STC 6 Human Body Systems Nutrients: You Just Can’t Live Without ‘EmGrade 7
FOSS 7 Earth History Destroying and Reconstructing Earth
FOSS 7 Force and Motion How To Get and Hold Onto A Moon
FOSS 7 Diversity of Life The Insect EmpireGrade 8
FOSS 8 Populations and Ecosystems Biosphere 2: An Experiment In Isolation
FOSS 8 Populations and Ecosystems Limiting Factors
FOSS 8 Chemical Interactions Particles in Motion
FOSS 8 Planetary Science The Crater That Ended The Reign Of the DinosaursHS Physics
Website 9 Physics What Happens When An Aircraft Breaks The Sound Barrier and TDQsHS Biology
Website 10 Biology Found in South Africa: Key Link in Human Evolution and TDQs
BSCS10 Biology What Happens To the Food You Eat, BSCS text, pp. 338-340 and TDQs
Website 10 Biology Why Cheaper Genetic Testing Could Cost Us a Fortune and TDQs
BSCS 10 Biology Molecular Movement, BSCS text, pp. 226-227 and TDQsHS Chemistry
Website 11 Chemistry Sugar an Unusual Explosive and TDQs
Website 11 Chemistry The Chemistry Of Popcorn-It's All About 'Pop-Ability' and TDQs
Website 11 Chemistry The Surprisingly Scientific Flash Behind the Fireworks and TDQs -
Argumentation and Explanation: Claims, Evidence, and Reasoning
The Science Department implemented the Common Writing Assignment (CWA) for many years as part of a disciplinary literacy support plan. We worked with teachers and Dr. Kate McNeill to revise our grades 4-8 prompts. Additionally, working with other departments and David Pook, we now have a common rubric to be used across all disciplines.
Please note: The resources and resulting prompts were developed a good number of years ago, in 2016. They originally aligned to science units available then. In some cases, the units have changed and/or the associated standard may have shifted. That said, the resources may still be of value to you, our BPS teachers, and used by students to write CER responses.
CER and CWA Resources
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Our Claim, Evidence, and Reasoning (CER) work with Kate McNeill has yielded many resources. Check out these websites that resulted from past workshops with Kate. Be sure to look at the Examples page on the first site and the Questions page on the Advanced site for BPS teacher-generated prompts.
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CWA Overview Presentation: basic information about CWA implementation and the district initiative (SY12)
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CWA Common Scoring Rubrics: general rubric for use in all content areas!
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Science CWA Rubric: provided here in case you need to review CER/R details when scoring using the generic rubric (SY12)
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CER Rubric highlighting vocabulary...developed by staff from the Edwards Middle School (SY15)
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Various Graphic Organizers to structure CER responses as well as a Student Rubric...developed by Kris Grymonpré
Prompts for Grades 3-8 and High School Courses
Grade 3: Sound, Structures of Life, Water
Grade 4: Animal Studies, Magnetism & Electricity, Motion & Design
Grade 5: Ecosystems, Landforms, Lever & Pulleys, Measuring Time
Grade 6: Human Body Systems, Weather & Water
Grade 7: Diversity of Life, Earth History, Force & Motion
Grade 8: Chemical Interactions, Planetary Science, Populations & Ecosystems
Below are five argumentation prompts developed by Kris Grymonpré of the McCormack Middle School. Kris teaches grades 7 and 8. This work resulted from his time as a Summer Teacher in Residence at the Boston Museum of Science.
Grade 7:
Aligned with Diversity of Life Unit: BEE_haviors and Flower Structures
Aligned with Force and Motion Unit: Greenhouse EffectFor grade 8:
Aligned with Populations and Ecosystems: Environmental vs.Genetics Factors and RecyclingPrompts for High School Physics, Biology, and Chemistry
Developed by Michael Couture (Physics), Johanna Waldman (Biology), and Juanita Shaffer-Ratzlaff (Chemistry). These teachers worked with Kate McNeill and Science Department members to develop high school writing prompts that encourage students' development in the practices of scientific explanation and argumentation.
There is an overview for each content area that includes information about the set of prompts that follow in that discipline. Included on the table is the main science idea being addressed, the 2016 MA STE draft and 2001/6 standard(s) targeted, the type of prompt (specific to a particular lesson, to be used as part of a unit assessment, or one that encourages open argumentation), the writing prompt and the resources that are available to support the use of each prompt in your classroom.
Physics: Overview Table of Prompts - Acceleration of Falling Objects, Conversation of Momentum, Ohm's Law, Wave Properties
Biology: Overview Table of Prompts - Nutrients, Evolution, Ecosystems, Genetics
Chemistry: Overview Table of Prompts - Properties of Substances, Calorimetry, Charles Law, Hydrogen
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Science Notebook Supports: Taking and Making Notes in Science
There are some wonderful sites that we recommend as supports for your work with science notebooks in your classroom.
Setting Up Your Science Notebooks:
Check out these great notebook resources from the California Academy of Sciences!!Science Notebooks in K-12 Classrooms:
North Cascades and Olympic Science Partnership (NCOSP), a National Science Foundation funded Math and Science Partnership project, convened a group of education leaders from across Washington State. This group discussed the current state of science notebook use and reviewed hundreds of actual student notebooks.Vocabulary Strategies for Science Notebooks:
A great collection of samples that will help you find new ideas to teach and reinforce vocabulary from your lessons.Science Notebook Rubrics
Science notebooks are an integral part of the science curriculum for all K-12 students. The form of the notebook itself may vary from teacher to teacher and from grade level to grade level but the overall intent of the notebook is the same – to help students document their work, make sense of it and use the notebook as a resource to revisit and apply their knowledge and insights in new learning situations.
Notebooks should be used nearly every day and be essential to the student’s work. The notebook provides a record of classroom activities, laboratory experiences, and student reflections. The Science Department recommends that teachers assess science notebooks based on the quality of student work, its organization, and its completeness.
No matter what form the notebook takes – whether it is a permanently-bound, chronologically-sequenced notebook with handouts taped in, a 3-ring binder organized by type of assignment, or something or your own design – there are some essential features that we recommend that all science notebooks include.
Essential Notebook Features:
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The science notebook is a daily record of the student’s experiences, ideas, questions, and developing understandings about science.
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The materials and entries are organized appropriately (as determined by the teacher).
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There is a Table of Contents to help the student and other readers effectively use the notebook.
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All entries are dated and titled/labeled.
There are four main assessment criteria for science notebooks:
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The two Quality Criteria involve classroom artifacts and student-generated entries for making sense of each lesson. (Explained further in the charts.)
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The two Structural Criteria involve the notebook’s organization and completeness.
Please make writing in science a part of every students' learning every day.
Download the Science Notebook Rubric for teachers for the grade bands: K2-2, 3-5, 6-12 -